Tissue was collected 6 h following injury for histological assessment of diffuse axonal injury using antibodies against the amyloid precursor protein (APP). Serial serum samples were obtained pre-injury as well as at 1 min, 30 min, 1 h, 3 h, and 6 h post-injury for a detailed analysis of the astroglial biomarker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1. Systemic physiology was assessed throughout the post-injury period. Adult male micro pigs were subjected to a mild central fluid percussion brain injury followed by a post-injury intravenous infusion of either 170 mg/kg LEV or vehicle. To date, LEV has been the most promising drug tested by OBTT and was therefore advanced to testing in the pig. ![]() ![]() Levetiracetam (LEV) is an antiepileptic agent that was the fifth drug tested by OBTT in three independent rodent models of moderate to severe TBI. Operation brain trauma therapy (OBTT) is a drug- and biomarker-screening consortium intended to improve the quality of preclinical studies and provide a rigorous framework to increase the translational potential of experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI) treatments.
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